Privacy Harm and Non-Compliance from a Legal Perspective

In today\u27s data-sharing paradigm, personal data has become a valuable resource that intensifies the risk of unauthorized access and data breach. Increased data mining techniques used to analyze big data have posed significant risks to data security and privacy. Consequently, data breaches are a significant threat to individual privacy. Privacy is a multifaceted concept covering many areas, including the right to access, erasure, and rectify personal data. This paper explores the legal aspects of privacy harm and how they transform into legal action. Privacy harm is the negative impact to an individual as a result of the unauthorized release, gathering, distillation, or expropriation of personal information. Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs) emerged as a solution to address data privacy issues and minimize the risk of privacy harm. It is essential to implement privacy enhancement mechanisms to protect Personally Identifiable Information (PII) from unlawful use or access. FIPPs (Fair Information Practice Principles), based on the 1973 Code of Fair Information Practice (CFIP), and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), are a collection of widely accepted, influential US codes that agencies use when evaluating information systems, processes, programs, and activities affecting individual privacy. Regulatory compliance places a responsibility on organizations to follow best practices to ensure the protection of individual data privacy rights. This paper will focus on FIPPs, relevance to US state privacy laws, their influence on OECD, and reference to the EU General Data Processing Regulation. (GDPR). Keywords —Privacy harm, Privacy Enhancing Technologies(PETs),Fair Information Practice Principles (FIPPs

Development and Implementation of the C-Print Speech-to-Text Support Service

In this chapter we provide an overview of the growth of this system from an idea to a system that hundreds of deaf and hard of hearing students depend on everyday for communication access and learning. This chapter addresses the following questions regarding the development and implementation of C-Print. Why is there a need for the system? How does C-Print work? What have been the phases in creating the current system? What is the research evidence regarding its effectiveness and limitations? How might the system change in the future as new technologies emerge

Factors influencing thermal variability and fish distribution in small boreal steams / by Lisa McKee.

The spatial variability of stream temperature is an important component of habitat within streams providing optimal temperatures for foraging and thermal refugia for sensitive species such as brook trout. Riparian shading and lateral contributions of groundwater through the hyporheic zone are the main contributors to spatial variability in stream temperature. The first two objectives of this study were to quantify thermal variability in stream systems through extensive mapping of streambed temperatures and to evaluate the influence of thermal variability on the stream fish distribution and community structure. The third objective was to examine associations between thermal variability and environmental variables at reach, riparian and catchment scales to identify features that may be used to characterize thermally important stream reaches. A total of 55 sample sites were surveyed during the warmest and driest season for Northwestern Ontario (mid-July - September) in streams from 4 catchments size classes; 1, 3, 5 and 10 km [squared]. Streambed thermal variability occurred on a sub-metre scale with temperature fluctuating up to 5.8 °C across a transect perpendicular to stream flow. The maximum variability found was 10.1 °C within a 50 m reach and 12.0 °C within a 300 m survey. Thermal variability was driven by cold streambed temperatures; 44 of 55 reaches had larger deviations below the mean streambed temperature than above the mean, which is an indication of cool groundwater entering the streambed. Fish species diversity and brook trout abundance was significantly higher in reaches with high thermal variability, while rainbow trout abundance was significantly lower. Fish species richness within a reach could be predicted as low (5), with thermal variability as an independent variable using logistic regression. High (>0.10) or low (<0.10) rainbow trout abundance (fish/m[squared]) could also be predicted using thermal variability. Fish size was not found to be associated to thermal variability. Furthermore, thermal variability was correlated with terrestrial variables associated with groundwater movement, including the amount of adjacent land contributing surface and subsurface runoff to the stream, also known as reach contributing area (RCA). Reaches with large RCAs had significantly higher levels of thermal variability compared to reaches with small RCAs. However, the relationship between thermal variability and RCA was only found for reaches in the two largest stream catchment size classes (5 and 10 km[squared]) due to the dominance of groundwater during base flow of the two smallest catchments (1 and 3 km[squared]). Areas of low and high thermal variability differed in landscape topography, terrestrial surface roughness, landform geology and streambed permeability, which are all related to groundwater flow. In regions such as Northwestern Ontario, where hydrologic pathways are related to topographic features it is possible to use environmental features, such as RCA, to locate lateral groundwater inputs into streams. This predictive ability allows for identification, management and protection of valued ecosystem components important for the maintenance of ecological integrity of streams. Study area : Nipigon Bay Basin, Northwestern Ontario

Landuse and Physiographic Region Effects on Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Sequestration in Arkansas

Increasing understanding of soil carbon (C) sequestration dynamics and general functioning in disappearing native grassland ecosystems, has the potential to enhance soil rehabilitation and ecosystem restoration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of landuse (native tallgrass prairie and managed agriculture) and physiographic region (northwest Arkansas and east-central Arkansas) on the change in soil C and nitrogen (N) storage and other soil properties over a 15-year period. Despite the native prairie losing soil C at a rate of 4.7 Mg ha−1 year−1 over the 15-year duration of this study, soil C storage in 2016 was more than 2.5 times greater in the native prairie than in the cultivated agroecosystems in the Grand Prairie. Averaged across landuse, TC concentration (P < 0.01) and content (P < 0.01) changed more over time in the Ozark Highlands region of northwest Arkansas (0.02% year−1 and 0.28 Mg ha−1 year−1, respectively), than in the Grand Prairie region of east-central Arkansas. This study demonstrates the value of direct measurements over time for assessing temporal changes in soil properties and results can potentially direct future restoration activities to be as successful as possible

Tutor Experiences with Facilitating Interprofessional Problem-Based Learning

Background: This article describes tutors&rsquo; experiences with facilitating interprofessional problem-based learning (iPBL), a topic rarely discussed in the literature. We examined tutors&rsquo; perceptions of what it was like to tutor iPBL, including the rewarding and challenging aspects. We also reported differences between new and experienced tutors.Methods and Findings: The data presented in this article were collected using three versions of a paper-and-pencil survey (N = 77, N = 99, and N = 97 for each version of the survey, respectively) and six focus groups. Surveys were completed at the conclusion of iPBL modules. Both quantitative and qualitative results indicated that tutors found the experience of facilitating iPBL to be rewarding and encountered few challenges. Tutors felt the training they received prepared them well to tutor. They also felt that facilitating iPBL increased their knowledge in the topic area of the iPBL module and of other professional roles, that it enhanced their skills as facilitators, and that they enjoyed observing students learn. New tutors reported significantly more learning and skill development than experienced tutors.Conclusions: Four lessons were derived from our research: 1) use iPBL to offer IPE; 2) invest in tutor training and support; 3) help tutors trust the process; and 4) consider tutor recruitment and retention strategies

What Do Core Obligations under the Right to Health Bring to Universal Health Coverage?

Can the right to health, and particularly the core obligations of states specified under this right, assist in formulating and implementing universal health coverage (UHC), now included in the post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals? In this paper, we examine how core obligations under the right to health could lead to a version of UHC that is likely to advance equity and rights. We first address the affinity between the right to health and UHC as evinced through changing definitions of UHC and the health domains that UHC explicitly covers. We then engage with relevant interpretations of the right to health, including core obligations. We turn to analyze what core obligations might bring to UHC, particularly in defining what and who is covered. Finally, we acknowledge some of the risks associated with both UHC and core obligations and consider potential avenues for mitigating these risks

College Students’ Perceptions of the C-Print Speech-to-Text Transcription System

C-Print is a real-time speech-to-text transcription system used as a support service with deaf students in mainstreamed classes. Questionnaires were administered to 36 college students in 32 courses in which the C-Print system was used in addition to interpreting and notetaking. Twenty-two of these students were also interviewed. Questionnaire items included student ratings of lecture comprehension. Student ratings indicated good comprehension with C-Print, and the mean rating was significantly higher than that for understanding of the interpreter. Students also rated the hard-copy printout provided by C-Print as helpful, and they reported that they used these notes more frequently than the handwritten notes from a paid student notetaker. Interview results were consistent with those for the questionnaire. Questionnaire and interview responses regarding use of C-Print as the only support service indicated that this arrangement would be acceptable to many students, but that it would not be to others. Communication characteristics were related to responses to the questionnaire. Students who were relatively proficient in reading and writing English, and in speech-reading, responded more favorably to C-Print

Care Coordination Guidelines for the Care of People with Spina Bifida

Care coordination is the deliberate organization of patient care activities between two or more participants (including the patient) involved in a person’s care to facilitate the appropriate delivery of health care services. Organizing care involves the marshalling of personnel and other resources needed to carry out all required patient care activities. It is often managed by the exchange of information among participants responsible for different aspects of care. With an estimated 85% of individuals with Spina Bifida (SB) surviving to adulthood, SB specific care coordination guidelines are warranted. Care coordination (also described as case management services) is a process that links them to services and resources in a coordinated effort to maximize their potential by providing optimal health care. However, care can be complicated due to the medical complexities of the condition and the need for multidisciplinary care, as well as economic and sociocultural barriers. It is often a shared responsibility by the multidisciplinary Spina Bifida team. For this reason, the Spina Bifida Care Coordinator has the primary responsibility for overseeing the overall treatment plan for the individual with Spina Bifida. Care coordination includes communication with the primary care provider in a patient’s medical home. This article discusses the Spina Bifida Care Coordination Guideline from the 2018 Spina Bifida Association’s Fourth Edition of the Guidelines for the Care of People with Spina Bifida and explores care coordination goals for different age groups as well as further research topics in SB care coordination

Mechanisms for addressing and managing the influence of corporations on public health policy, research and practice: a scoping review

We identified mechanisms for addressing and/or managing the influence of corporations on public health policy, research and practice, as well as examples of where these mechanisms have been adopted from across the globe